C. Zeugma: source, graph, exact queries and actual answers

3. Zeugma: query the proposed historical account

Complete reference: zeugma_materials.pdf contains both source texts, both saved graphs, every returned entity and relation, literal properties, all six queries and their actual answers. Its companion folder zeugma_materials/ contains copyable inputs and original JSON. The shorter graph supplies the queries; the separate full-passage graph supplies the historical-error discussion. The graphs are also embedded in both slide decks.

Open Zeugma. Switch to Thucydides 2.2, the Theban attack on Plataea. Use medea_zeugma_passage_short_en.txt for the tested working sequence. It is a verbatim selection beginning “a Theban force”, omitting the chronological opening. The complete passage and Greek remain in medea_zeugma_passage_en.txt and medea_zeugma_passage_grc.txt.

Use one instructor-controlled extraction for the room: the existing backend stores a shared Prolog graph. Participants work in pairs to examine the text and propose queries; simultaneous extractions could overwrite the graph.

Paste the passage into Step 1: Ancient Text for Graph Extraction. Keep Reasoning Mode: Basic - General logical reasoning and choose the provider.
Select Step 1: Extract Knowledge Graph. Read the extraction output and Available Predicates. No passage selector or automatic historical-violation button is required by this plan.
Identify one named actor, one place and one asserted relationship. Compare the claims with the passage before querying.
Under Step 2: Zeugma Symbolic Queries, use a predicate that actually appears in Available Predicates, with the displayed arity. Enter one query per line and select Run Queries. Read Detailed Output Log and the returned bindings.
Begin with a simple relationship query, then combine two supported predicates sharing a variable. The precise predicate names depend on that extraction, so do not distribute invented fixed names as executable queries.
Discuss what follows from the extracted facts and what remains unknown. Failure to find a fact does not establish its historical falsity. In particular, Prolog negation as failure concerns this graph, not every fact about the past.

The transition is: theory in the prompt, theory in separate rules, then explicit queries over a proposed account. A rule can check or derive a consequence from the representation; the source text is still needed to judge the representation.

Passage and queries together: medea_zeugma_text_and_queries.txt contains the exact shorter passage followed by all six copyable query lines. The same queries now immediately follow the Thucydides source passage in both demonstration decks.

Tested queries: medea_zeugma_rehearsal_queries.txt contains six lines that succeeded against the shorter extraction. They recover the commanders, Naucleides opening the gates to Plataea, the alliance with Athens, and collaboration with Eurymachus. Check names and IDs against a fresh extraction. Use alliance, not the failing allied_with rule, if both appear. The full passage triggered an unescaped apostrophe in Prolog; the shorter passage avoided that observed failure. These are input/query workarounds, not app fixes.

The full extraction also attached offices to the wrong cities while reporting zero contradictions. That display does not perform the paper’s historical validation. Both exported RDF strings failed a local Turtle syntax check. Treat the saved graph as a proposal to inspect and query; do not promise valid RDF export or automatic historical correction in this UI. Full details and error logs are in medea_rehearsal_report.md.

Keep the two recorded runs separate

The shorter passage supplies the successful query exercise. The full passage supplies the membership and wrong-office-location discussion. Entity IDs are local to each run: Plataea is e4 in the short graph and e11 in the full graph; Thebes is e7 and e14 respectively. The live app’s existing UI does not perform the paper’s historical validation and automatic correction workflow. The exercise here examines what the actual extracted graph asserts.

Shorter passage: working exercise

a Theban force a little over three hundred strong, under the command of their Boeotarchs, Pythangelus, son of Phyleides, and Diemporus, son of Onetorides, about the first watch of the night, made an armed entry into Plataea, a town of Boeotia in alliance with Athens. The gates were opened to them by a Plataean called Naucleides, who, with his party, had invited them in, meaning to put to death the citizens of the opposite party, bring over the city to Thebes, and thus obtain power for themselves. This was arranged through Eurymachus, son of Leontiades, a person of great influence at Thebes. For Plataea had always been at variance with Thebes; and the latter, foreseeing that war was at hand, wished to surprise her old enemy in time of peace, before hostilities had actually broken out. Indeed this was how they got in so easily without being observed, as no guard had been posted. After the soldiers had grounded arms in the marketplace, those who had invited them in wished them to set to work at once and go to their enemies' houses. This, however, the Thebans refused to do, but determined to make a conciliatory proclamation, and if possible to come to a friendly understanding with the citizens. Their herald accordingly invited any who wished to resume their old place in the confederacy of their countrymen to ground arms with them, for they thought that in this way the city would readily join them.

Complete saved short graph, drawn from the returned entity and relation arrays.

All entities, relations and literal properties, in copyable Prolog notation

These are safely quoted inspection transcriptions of the returned data, not recovered copies of the server program. The full original program was not returned.

% Inspection transcription of the returned graph and literal properties.
% Not the server-generated Prolog program.
entity(e1, 'Theban force', militaryunit).
entity(e2, 'Pythangelus', person).
entity(e3, 'Diemporus', person).
entity(e4, 'Plataea', place).
entity(e5, 'Naucleides', person).
entity(e6, 'Eurymachus', person).
entity(e7, 'Thebes', place).
entity(e8, 'Athens', place).
entity(e9, 'Boeotia', region).

% Relationships, exactly as asserted in the returned graph.
commanded_by(e1, e2).
commanded_by(e1, e3).
entered(e1, e4).
allied_with(e4, e8).
opened_gates_to(e5, e1).
invited(e5, e1).
collaborated_with(e5, e6).
influenced(e6, e7).
at_variance_with(e7, e4).
located_in(e7, e9).
located_in(e4, e9).

% Literal properties in the returned RDF text.
size(e1, 'a little over three hundred').
role(e2, 'Boeotarch').
father(e2, 'Phyleides').
role(e3, 'Boeotarch').
father(e3, 'Onetorides').
region(e4, 'Boeotia').
alliance(e4, 'Athens').
role(e5, 'Plataean citizen').
role(e6, 'Influential Theban').
father(e6, 'Leontiades').
region(e7, 'Boeotia').

Full passage: historical error discussion

[2.2] The thirty years' truce which was entered into after the conquest of Euboea lasted fourteen years. In the fifteenth, in the forty-eighth year of the priestess-ship of Chrysis at Argos, in the Ephorate of Aenesias at Sparta, in the last month but two of the Archonship of Pythodorus at Athens, and six months after the battle of Potidaea, just at the beginning of spring, a Theban force a little over three hundred strong, under the command of their Boeotarchs, Pythangelus, son of Phyleides, and Diemporus, son of Onetorides, about the first watch of the night, made an armed entry into Plataea, a town of Boeotia in alliance with Athens. The gates were opened to them by a Plataean called Naucleides, who, with his party, had invited them in, meaning to put to death the citizens of the opposite party, bring over the city to Thebes, and thus obtain power for themselves. This was arranged through Eurymachus, son of Leontiades, a person of great influence at Thebes. For Plataea had always been at variance with Thebes; and the latter, foreseeing that war was at hand, wished to surprise her old enemy in time of peace, before hostilities had actually broken out. Indeed this was how they got in so easily without being observed, as no guard had been posted. After the soldiers had grounded arms in the marketplace, those who had invited them in wished them to set to work at once and go to their enemies' houses. This, however, the Thebans refused to do, but determined to make a conciliatory proclamation, and if possible to come to a friendly understanding with the citizens. Their herald accordingly invited any who wished to resume their old place in the confederacy of their countrymen to ground arms with them, for they thought that in this way the city would readily join them.

Complete saved full graph, drawn from the returned entity and relation arrays.

All entities, relations and literal properties, in copyable Prolog notation

These are safely quoted inspection transcriptions of the returned data, not recovered copies of the server program. The full original program was not returned.

% Inspection transcription of the returned graph and literal properties.
% Not the server-generated Prolog program.
entity(e1, 'Thirty Years\' Truce', event).
entity(e2, 'Conquest of Euboea', event).
entity(e3, 'Chrysis', person).
entity(e4, 'Aenesias', person).
entity(e5, 'Pythodorus', person).
entity(e6, 'Battle of Potidaea', event).
entity(e7, 'Spring', timeperiod).
entity(e8, 'Theban Force', organization).
entity(e9, 'Pythangelus', person).
entity(e10, 'Diemporus', person).
entity(e11, 'Plataea', place).
entity(e12, 'Naucleides', person).
entity(e13, 'Eurymachus', person).
entity(e14, 'Thebes', place).
entity(e15, 'Marketplace', place).
entity(e16, 'Confederacy of Countrymen', organization).

% Relationships, exactly as asserted in the returned graph.
followed(e1, e2).
lasted_for(e1, e7).
held_role_in(e3, e11).
held_role_in(e4, e14).
held_role_in(e5, e11).
commanded_by(e8, e9).
commanded_by(e8, e10).
entered(e8, e11).
enabled_entry_of(e12, e8).
acted_with(e12, e13).
at_variance_with(e14, e11).
grounded_arms_in(e8, e15).
proclaimed_to(e8, e11).
part_of(e11, e16).

% Literal properties in the returned RDF text.
duration(e1, '14 years').
role(e3, 'Priestess').
location(e3, 'Argos').
duration(e3, '48 years').
role(e4, 'Ephor').
location(e4, 'Sparta').
role(e5, 'Archon').
location(e5, 'Athens').
time_relative(e6, '6 months before').
time_relative(e7, 'beginning').
size(e8, 'a little over 300').
role(e9, 'Boeotarch').
parentage(e9, 'son of Phyleides').
role(e10, 'Boeotarch').
parentage(e10, 'son of Onetorides').
region(e11, 'Boeotia').
alliance(e11, 'Athens').
role(e12, 'Plataean citizen').
action(e12, 'opened gates to Thebans').
parentage(e13, 'son of Leontiades').
role(e13, 'influential person at Thebes').
relationship_with_Plataea(e14, 'at variance').
location(e15, 'Plataea').

All six queries and exact saved answers

Paste one complete query per line into Step 2: Zeugma Symbolic Queries, then Run Queries. Use the shorter graph for these saved IDs.

Query 1

commanded_by(Force, Commander), entity(Commander, Name, person)

[
  {
    "Force": "e1",
    "Commander": "e2",
    "Name": "Pythangelus"
  },
  {
    "Force": "e1",
    "Commander": "e3",
    "Name": "Diemporus"
  }
]

Query 2

opened_gates_to(Person, Force), entered(Force, Place), entity(Person, Name, person), entity(Place, City, place)

[
  {
    "Person": "e5",
    "Force": "e1",
    "Place": "e4",
    "Name": "Naucleides",
    "City": "Plataea"
  }
]

Query 3

alliance(Place, AllyName), entity(Place, City, place)

[
  {
    "Place": "e4",
    "AllyName": "Athens",
    "City": "Plataea"
  }
]

Query 4

collaborated_with(Person, Partner), entity(Person, Name, person), entity(Partner, PartnerName, person)

[
  {
    "Person": "e5",
    "Partner": "e6",
    "Name": "Naucleides",
    "PartnerName": "Eurymachus"
  }
]

Query 5

located_in(Place, Region), entity(Place, City, place), entity(Region, RegionName, region)

[
  {
    "Place": "e4",
    "Region": "e9",
    "City": "Plataea",
    "RegionName": "Boeotia"
  },
  {
    "Place": "e7",
    "Region": "e9",
    "City": "Thebes",
    "RegionName": "Boeotia"
  }
]

Query 6

at_variance_with(e7, e4)

[
  {
    "result": "true"
  }
]

The four disputed edges in the full-passage graph.

What exactly changed in meaning?

The herald invites the Plataeans to resume their place in the confederacy; the Thebans hope that the city will join. The passage does not report acceptance. Yet the full graph asserts part_of(e11, e16), making Plataea a member of the Confederacy of Countrymen. An invitation has become an established fact. Do not conflate “resume” with evidence that the invitation was accepted at this moment.

The other disputed edges are held_role_in(e3, e11), held_role_in(e4, e14) and held_role_in(e5, e11). They put Chrysis in Plataea, Aenesias in Thebes and Pythodorus in Plataea. The opening puts their offices in Argos, Sparta and Athens. The returned literal properties actually preserve those correct cities, alongside the conflicting edges.

The displayed score is 1.0 and the contradiction count is zero. The inspected implementation checks whether relation endpoints exist and assigns the contradiction count zero. It does not verify the historical meaning against the passage. A sound inference over a false or oversimplified premise can give a wrong historical answer.

Ask: “What assertion would preserve the invitation, its speaker and its intended outcome?” A proposed representation should describe an invitation event and the membership it seeks, without asserting achieved membership. That is a design suggestion for discussion, not an additional predicate returned by this extraction.

Execution failures and the fallback to use

The full run displayed entity(e1, 'Thirty Years' Truce', 'event'). with an unescaped apostrophe. Seven of eight queries returned no solutions. This is an execution/serialization failure, not evidence that the historical facts are absent. The shorter passage avoided that observed error. The generated allied_with rule then referred to undefined ally_of/2; the direct alliance property query succeeded. Both exact RDF exports also failed Turtle parsing. The records below preserve those strings without repairing them silently.

If live extraction fails or another participant overwrites the graph, work from the saved diagrams, facts and answers above. Do not claim that these facts were successfully imported through a UI control that has not been tested. All six printed successful answers are actual saved query responses, across the original batch and the successful alliance retry.

Exact short returned RDF text

@prefix ste: <http://www.example.org/ste#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix emotion: <http://www.example.org/emotion#> .

ste:e1 a ste:MilitaryUnit ;
    rdfs:label "Theban force" .
    ste:size "a little over three hundred" .

ste:e2 a ste:Person ;
    rdfs:label "Pythangelus" .
    ste:role "Boeotarch" .
    ste:father "Phyleides" .

ste:e3 a ste:Person ;
    rdfs:label "Diemporus" .
    ste:role "Boeotarch" .
    ste:father "Onetorides" .

ste:e4 a ste:Place ;
    rdfs:label "Plataea" .
    ste:region "Boeotia" .
    ste:alliance "Athens" .

ste:e5 a ste:Person ;
    rdfs:label "Naucleides" .
    ste:role "Plataean citizen" .

ste:e6 a ste:Person ;
    rdfs:label "Eurymachus" .
    ste:role "Influential Theban" .
    ste:father "Leontiades" .

ste:e7 a ste:Place ;
    rdfs:label "Thebes" .
    ste:region "Boeotia" .

ste:e8 a ste:Place ;
    rdfs:label "Athens" .

ste:e9 a ste:Region ;
    rdfs:label "Boeotia" .

ste:e1 ste:commanded_by ste:e2 .
ste:e1 ste:commanded_by ste:e3 .
ste:e1 ste:entered ste:e4 .
ste:e4 ste:allied_with ste:e8 .
ste:e5 ste:opened_gates_to ste:e1 .
ste:e5 ste:invited ste:e1 .
ste:e5 ste:collaborated_with ste:e6 .
ste:e6 ste:influenced ste:e7 .
ste:e7 ste:at_variance_with ste:e4 .
ste:e7 ste:located_in ste:e9 .
ste:e4 ste:located_in ste:e9 .

Exact full returned RDF text

@prefix ste: <http://www.example.org/ste#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix emotion: <http://www.example.org/emotion#> .

ste:e1 a ste:Event ;
    rdfs:label "Thirty Years' Truce" .
    ste:duration "14 years" .

ste:e2 a ste:Event ;
    rdfs:label "Conquest of Euboea" .

ste:e3 a ste:Person ;
    rdfs:label "Chrysis" .
    ste:role "Priestess" .
    ste:location "Argos" .
    ste:duration "48 years" .

ste:e4 a ste:Person ;
    rdfs:label "Aenesias" .
    ste:role "Ephor" .
    ste:location "Sparta" .

ste:e5 a ste:Person ;
    rdfs:label "Pythodorus" .
    ste:role "Archon" .
    ste:location "Athens" .

ste:e6 a ste:Event ;
    rdfs:label "Battle of Potidaea" .
    ste:time_relative "6 months before" .

ste:e7 a ste:TimePeriod ;
    rdfs:label "Spring" .
    ste:time_relative "beginning" .

ste:e8 a ste:Organization ;
    rdfs:label "Theban Force" .
    ste:size "a little over 300" .

ste:e9 a ste:Person ;
    rdfs:label "Pythangelus" .
    ste:role "Boeotarch" .
    ste:parentage "son of Phyleides" .

ste:e10 a ste:Person ;
    rdfs:label "Diemporus" .
    ste:role "Boeotarch" .
    ste:parentage "son of Onetorides" .

ste:e11 a ste:Place ;
    rdfs:label "Plataea" .
    ste:region "Boeotia" .
    ste:alliance "Athens" .

ste:e12 a ste:Person ;
    rdfs:label "Naucleides" .
    ste:role "Plataean citizen" .
    ste:action "opened gates to Thebans" .

ste:e13 a ste:Person ;
    rdfs:label "Eurymachus" .
    ste:parentage "son of Leontiades" .
    ste:role "influential person at Thebes" .

ste:e14 a ste:Place ;
    rdfs:label "Thebes" .
    ste:relationship_with_Plataea "at variance" .

ste:e15 a ste:Place ;
    rdfs:label "Marketplace" .
    ste:location "Plataea" .

ste:e16 a ste:Organization ;
    rdfs:label "Confederacy of Countrymen" .

ste:e1 ste:followed ste:e2 .
ste:e1 ste:lasted_for ste:e7 .
ste:e3 ste:held_role_in ste:e11 .
ste:e4 ste:held_role_in ste:e14 .
ste:e5 ste:held_role_in ste:e11 .
ste:e8 ste:commanded_by ste:e9 .
ste:e8 ste:commanded_by ste:e10 .
ste:e8 ste:entered ste:e11 .
ste:e12 ste:enabled_entry_of ste:e8 .
ste:e12 ste:acted_with ste:e13 .
ste:e14 ste:at_variance_with ste:e11 .
ste:e8 ste:grounded_arms_in ste:e15 .
ste:e8 ste:proclaimed_to ste:e11 .
ste:e11 ste:part_of ste:e16 .

Original Greek reference

[2.2] τέσσαρα μὲν γὰρ καὶ δέκα ἔτη ἐνέμειναν αἱ τριακοντούτεις σπονδαὶ αἳ ἐγένοντο μετ’ Εὐβοίας ἅλωσιν· τῷ δὲ πέμπτῳ καὶ δεκάτῳ ἔτει, ἐπὶ Χρυσίδος ἐν Ἄργει τότε πεντήκοντα δυοῖν δέοντα ἔτη ἱερωμένης καὶ Αἰνησίου ἐφόρου ἐν Σπάρτῃ καὶ Πυθοδώρου ἔτι δύο μῆνας ἄρχοντος Ἀθηναίοις, μετὰ τὴν ἐν Ποτειδαίᾳ μάχην μηνὶ ἕκτῳ καὶ ἅμα ἦρι ἀρχομένῳ Θηβαίων ἄνδρες ὀλίγῳ πλείους τριακοσίων (ἡγοῦντο δὲ αὐτῶν βοιωταρχοῦντες Πυθάγγελός τε ὁ Φυλείδου καὶ Διέμπορος ὁ Ὀνητορίδου) ἐσῆλθον περὶ πρῶτον ὕπνον ξὺν ὅπλοις ἐς Πλάταιαν τῆς Βοιωτίας οὖσαν Ἀθηναίων ξυμμαχίδα. ἐπηγάγοντο δὲ καὶ ἀνέῳξαν τὰς πύλας Πλαταιῶν ἄνδρες, Ναυκλείδης τε καὶ οἱ μετ’ αὐτοῦ, βουλόμενοι ἰδίας ἕνεκα δυνάμεως ἄνδρας τε τῶν πολιτῶν τοὺς σφίσιν ὑπεναντίους διαφθεῖραι καὶ τὴν πόλιν Θηβαίοις προσποιῆσαι. ἔπραξαν δὲ ταῦτα δι’ Εὐρυμάχου τοῦ Λεοντιάδου, ἀνδρὸς Θηβαίων δυνατωτάτου. προϊδόντες γὰρ οἱ Θηβαῖοι ὅτι ἔσοιτο ὁ πόλεμος ἐβούλοντο τὴν Πλάταιαν αἰεὶ σφίσι διάφορον οὖσαν ἔτι ἐν εἰρήνῃ τε καὶ τοῦ πολέμου μήπω φανεροῦ καθεστῶτος προκαταλαβεῖν. ᾗ καὶ ῥᾷον ἔλαθον ἐσελθόντες, φυλακῆς οὐ προκαθεστηκυίας. θέμενοι δὲ ἐς τὴν ἀγορὰν τὰ ὅπλα τοῖς μὲν ἐπαγαγομένοις οὐκ ἐπείθοντο ὥστε εὐθὺς ἔργου ἔχεσθαι καὶ ἰέναι ἐπὶ τὰς οἰκίας τῶν ἐχθρῶν, γνώμην δ’ ἐποιοῦντο κηρύγμασί τε χρήσασθαι ἐπιτηδείοις καὶ ἐς ξύμβασιν μᾶλλον καὶ φιλίαν τὴν πόλιν ἀγαγεῖν (καὶ ἀνεῖπεν ὁ κῆρυξ, εἴ τις βούλεται κατὰ τὰ πάτρια τῶν πάντων Βοιωτῶν ξυμμαχεῖν, τίθεσθαι παρ᾽ αὑτοὺς τὰ ὅπλα), νομίζοντες σφίσι ῥᾳδίως τούτῳ τῷ τρόπῳ προσχωρήσειν τὴν πόλιν.

Source: Thucydides 2.2, Richard Crawley translation and Greek text from Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://github.com/PerseusDL/canonical-greekLit/tree/master/data/tlg0003/tlg001.